问题重述

给定长度为 $n$ 的排列 $p$，求有多少个排列 $q$ 满足：对于所有 $1 \le i < n$，
$\max(q_1,\dots,q_i) \neq \max(p_1,\dots,p_i).$
答案对 $998244353$ 取模。

关键转化

令 $a_i = \max(p_1,\dots,p_i)$，则 $a_1 \le a_2 \le \dots \le a_n = n$，且 $a_i \ge i$（因为前 $i$ 个数最大值至少为 $i$）。
对于排列 $q$，定义 $N_i = \max(q_1,\dots,q_i)$，则 $0 = N_0 < N_1 < \dots < N_n = n$（严格递增）。
条件要求 $N_i \neq a_i$ 对所有 $1 \le i \le n-1$ 成立。

因此问题转化为：计数严格递增序列 $0=N_0<N_1<\dots<N_n=n$，使得 $N_i \neq a_i$（$1\le i\le n-1$）。
每个这样的序列对应一组 $q$，具体对应关系为：在 $N_i$ 处必须放置 $N_i$ 本身，其余位置（非前缀最大值的位置）可以任意排列剩余数字。因此方案数为
$\prod_{i=1}^{n-1} (N_{i+1} - N_i - 1)!,$ 其中 $N_{i+1}-N_i-1$ 是介于两个相邻最大值之间的数字个数。

动态规划与分治 NTT

直接枚举 $N_i$ 不可行，但可以利用 $a_i$ 的结构进行 DP。
定义 $dp[i]$ 表示已经决定了 $N_1,\dots,N_i$ 且 $N_i = a_i$ 时的某种累加值（实际上标程中的 $dp[i]$ 是经过阶乘逆元调整后的量）。
转移考虑从 $j < i$ 且 $a_j < a_i$ 的位置转移，中间需要插入 $a_i - a_j - 1$ 个数字，这些数字可以任意排列，贡献阶乘因子。另外当 $a_j = a_i$（即 $a$ 值不变）时，需要特殊处理。

标程使用分治 + NTT 优化卷积形如
$\sum_{j} dp[j] \cdot \text{fac}[a_i - j - 1]$
的转移，并对“平台”（连续相同 $a$ 值）进行线性处理。

最终答案为 $dp[n]$（已包含所有阶乘逆元）。

算法步骤

1. 读入 $p$，计算 $a_i = \max(a_{i-1}, p_i)$，其中 $a_0 = 0$。
2. 预处理阶乘 fac 和逆阶乘 ifac 到 $n+1$。
3. 定义数组 dp 和 aux，长度 $n+1$。
4. 递归分治 solve(l, r)：
   • 若 $l+1 = r$：
     • 若 $l = 0$，则 $dp[l] = -1$；
     • 否则 $dp[l] += aux[l] \cdot l$；
     • 最后 $dp[l] \times= \text{ifac}[a[l] - l]$。
   • 否则，取中点 $mid = \lfloor (l+r)/2 \rfloor$。
     • 递归左半 $[l, mid)$。
     • 处理 $a[mid] = a[mid-1]$ 的连续段（平台），用线性方法更新。
     • 构建向量：
       • $vec[k] = \text{fac}[k]$，$k$ 从 $0$ 到 $a[r-1] - (l+1)$；
       • $vec1[i] = dp[i]$，$i \in [l, mid)$；
       • $vec2[i] = dp[i] \cdot i$。
     • 计算卷积 $res1 = vec * vec1$，$res2 = vec * vec2$（NTT）。
     • 对 $i \in [mid, r)$，设 $base = a[mid] - mid + l + 1$，若 $a[i]-base$ 在 $res1$ 范围内，则： [ aux[i] -= res1[a[i]-base], \quad dp[i] += res2[a[i]-base]. ]
     • 递归右半 $[mid, r)$。
5. 答案即为 $dp[n].val()$。

复杂度

• 预处理 $O(n)$。
• 分治 $O(n \log^2 n)$，因为每层卷积 $O(n \log n)$，共 $\log n$ 层。
• 总 $n$ 不超过 $2\times 10^5$，可接受。

标程代码

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

#define all(a) a.begin(),a.end()
#define pb push_back
#define sz(a) ((int)a.size())

using ll=long long;
using u32=unsigned int;
using u64=unsigned long long;
using i128=__int128;
using u128=unsigned __int128;
using f128=__float128;

using pii=pair<int,int>;
using pll=pair<ll,ll>;

template<typename T> using vc=vector<T>;
template<typename T> using vvc=vc<vc<T>>;
template<typename T> using vvvc=vc<vvc<T>>;

using vi=vc<int>;
using vll=vc<ll>;
using vvi=vc<vi>;
using vvll=vc<vll>;

#define vv(type,name,n,...) \
    vector<vector<type>> name(n,vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__))
#define vvv(type,name,n,m,...) \
    vector<vector<vector<type>>> name(n,vector<vector<type>>(m,vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__)))

template<typename T> using min_heap=priority_queue<T,vector<T>,greater<T>>;
template<typename T> using max_heap=priority_queue<T>;

// https://trap.jp/post/1224/
#define rep1(n) for(ll i=0; i<(ll)(n); ++i)
#define rep2(i,n) for(ll i=0; i<(ll)(n); ++i)
#define rep3(i,a,b) for(ll i=(ll)(a); i<(ll)(b); ++i)
#define rep4(i,a,b,c) for(ll i=(ll)(a); i<(ll)(b); i+=(c))
#define cut4(a,b,c,d,e,...) e
#define rep(...) cut4(__VA_ARGS__,rep4,rep3,rep2,rep1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define per1(n) for(ll i=((ll)n)-1; i>=0; --i)
#define per2(i,n) for(ll i=((ll)n)-1; i>=0; --i)
#define per3(i,a,b) for(ll i=((ll)a)-1; i>=(ll)(b); --i)
#define per4(i,a,b,c) for(ll i=((ll)a)-1; i>=(ll)(b); i-=(c))
#define per(...) cut4(__VA_ARGS__,per4,per3,per2,per1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define rep_subset(i,s) for(ll i=(s); i>=0; i=(i==0?-1:(i-1)&(s)))

template<typename T, typename S> constexpr T ifloor(const T a, const S b){return a/b-(a%b&&(a^b)<0);}
template<typename T, typename S> constexpr T iceil(const T a, const S b){return ifloor(a+b-1,b);}

template<typename T>
void sort_unique(vector<T> &vec){
    sort(vec.begin(),vec.end());
    vec.resize(unique(vec.begin(),vec.end())-vec.begin());
}

template<typename T, typename S> constexpr bool chmin(T &a, const S b){if(a>b) return a=b,true; return false;}
template<typename T, typename S> constexpr bool chmax(T &a, const S b){if(a<b) return a=b,true; return false;}

template<typename T, typename S> istream& operator >> (istream& i, pair<T,S> &p){return i >> p.first >> p.second;}
template<typename T, typename S> ostream& operator << (ostream& o, const pair<T,S> &p){return o << p.first << ' ' << p.second;}

#ifdef i_am_noob
#define bug(...) cerr << "#" << __LINE__ << ' ' << #__VA_ARGS__ << "- ", _do(__VA_ARGS__)
template<typename T> void _do(vector<T> x){for(auto i: x) cerr << i << ' ';cerr << "\n";}
template<typename T> void _do(set<T> x){for(auto i: x) cerr << i << ' ';cerr << "\n";}
template<typename T> void _do(unordered_set<T> x){for(auto i: x) cerr << i << ' ';cerr << "\n";}
template<typename T> void _do(T && x) {cerr << x << endl;}
template<typename T, typename ...S> void _do(T && x, S&&...y) {cerr << x << ", "; _do(y...);}
#else
#define bug(...) 777771449
#endif

template<typename T> void print(vector<T> x){for(auto i: x) cout << i << ' ';cout << "\n";}
template<typename T> void print(set<T> x){for(auto i: x) cout << i << ' ';cout << "\n";}
template<typename T> void print(unordered_set<T> x){for(auto i: x) cout << i << ' ';cout << "\n";}
template<typename T> void print(T && x) {cout << x << "\n";}
template<typename T, typename... S> void print(T && x, S&&... y) {cout << x << ' ';print(y...);}

template<typename T> istream& operator >> (istream& i, vector<T> &vec){for(auto &x: vec) i >> x; return i;}

vvi read_graph(int n, int m, int base=1){
    vvi adj(n);
    for(int i=0,u,v; i<m; ++i){
        cin >> u >> v,u-=base,v-=base;
        adj[u].pb(v),adj[v].pb(u);
    }
    return adj;
}

vvi read_tree(int n, int base=1){return read_graph(n,n-1,base);}

template<typename T, typename S> pair<T,S> operator + (const pair<T,S> &a, const pair<T,S> &b){return {a.first+b.first,a.second+b.second};}

template<typename T> constexpr T inf=0;
template<> constexpr int inf<int> = 0x3f3f3f3f;
template<> constexpr ll inf<ll> = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;

template<typename T> vector<T> operator += (vector<T> &a, int val){for(auto &i: a) i+=val; return a;}

template<typename T> T isqrt(const T &x){T y=sqrt(x+2); while(y*y>x) y--; return y;}

#define ykh mt19937 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count())



#include <utility>

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

// @param m `1 <= m`
// @return x mod m
constexpr long long safe_mod(long long x, long long m) {
    x %= m;
    if (x < 0) x += m;
    return x;
}

// Fast modular multiplication by barrett reduction
// Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_reduction
// NOTE: reconsider after Ice Lake
struct barrett {
    unsigned int _m;
    unsigned long long im;

    // @param m `1 <= m < 2^31`
    barrett(unsigned int m) : _m(m), im((unsigned long long)(-1) / m + 1) {}

    // @return m
    unsigned int umod() const { return _m; }

    // @param a `0 <= a < m`
    // @param b `0 <= b < m`
    // @return `a * b % m`
    unsigned int mul(unsigned int a, unsigned int b) const {
        // [1] m = 1
        // a = b = im = 0, so okay

        // [2] m >= 2
        // im = ceil(2^64 / m)
        // -> im * m = 2^64 + r (0 <= r < m)
        // let z = a*b = c*m + d (0 <= c, d < m)
        // a*b * im = (c*m + d) * im = c*(im*m) + d*im = c*2^64 + c*r + d*im
        // c*r + d*im < m * m + m * im < m * m + 2^64 + m <= 2^64 + m * (m + 1) < 2^64 * 2
        // ((ab * im) >> 64) == c or c + 1
        unsigned long long z = a;
        z *= b;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
        unsigned long long x;
        _umul128(z, im, &x);
#else
        unsigned long long x =
            (unsigned long long)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
#endif
        unsigned int v = (unsigned int)(z - x * _m);
        if (_m <= v) v += _m;
        return v;
    }
};

// @param n `0 <= n`
// @param m `1 <= m`
// @return `(x ** n) % m`
constexpr long long pow_mod_constexpr(long long x, long long n, int m) {
    if (m == 1) return 0;
    unsigned int _m = (unsigned int)(m);
    unsigned long long r = 1;
    unsigned long long y = safe_mod(x, m);
    while (n) {
        if (n & 1) r = (r * y) % _m;
        y = (y * y) % _m;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

// Reference:
// M. Forisek and J. Jancina,
// Fast Primality Testing for Integers That Fit into a Machine Word
// @param n `0 <= n`
constexpr bool is_prime_constexpr(int n) {
    if (n <= 1) return false;
    if (n == 2 || n == 7 || n == 61) return true;
    if (n % 2 == 0) return false;
    long long d = n - 1;
    while (d % 2 == 0) d /= 2;
    constexpr long long bases[3] = {2, 7, 61};
    for (long long a : bases) {
        long long t = d;
        long long y = pow_mod_constexpr(a, t, n);
        while (t != n - 1 && y != 1 && y != n - 1) {
            y = y * y % n;
            t <<= 1;
        }
        if (y != n - 1 && t % 2 == 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
template <int n> constexpr bool is_prime = is_prime_constexpr(n);

// @param b `1 <= b`
// @return pair(g, x) s.t. g = gcd(a, b), xa = g (mod b), 0 <= x < b/g
constexpr std::pair<long long, long long> inv_gcd(long long a, long long b) {
    a = safe_mod(a, b);
    if (a == 0) return {b, 0};

    // Contracts:
    // [1] s - m0 * a = 0 (mod b)
    // [2] t - m1 * a = 0 (mod b)
    // [3] s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b
    long long s = b, t = a;
    long long m0 = 0, m1 = 1;

    while (t) {
        long long u = s / t;
        s -= t * u;
        m0 -= m1 * u;  // |m1 * u| <= |m1| * s <= b

        // [3]:
        // (s - t * u) * |m1| + t * |m0 - m1 * u|
        // <= s * |m1| - t * u * |m1| + t * (|m0| + |m1| * u)
        // = s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b

        auto tmp = s;
        s = t;
        t = tmp;
        tmp = m0;
        m0 = m1;
        m1 = tmp;
    }
    // by [3]: |m0| <= b/g
    // by g != b: |m0| < b/g
    if (m0 < 0) m0 += b / s;
    return {s, m0};
}

// Compile time primitive root
// @param m must be prime
// @return primitive root (and minimum in now)
constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int m) {
    if (m == 2) return 1;
    if (m == 167772161) return 3;
    if (m == 469762049) return 3;
    if (m == 754974721) return 11;
    if (m == 998244353) return 3;
    int divs[20] = {};
    divs[0] = 2;
    int cnt = 1;
    int x = (m - 1) / 2;
    while (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2;
    for (int i = 3; (long long)(i)*i <= x; i += 2) {
        if (x % i == 0) {
            divs[cnt++] = i;
            while (x % i == 0) {
                x /= i;
            }
        }
    }
    if (x > 1) {
        divs[cnt++] = x;
    }
    for (int g = 2;; g++) {
        bool ok = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
            if (pow_mod_constexpr(g, (m - 1) / divs[i], m) == 1) {
                ok = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (ok) return g;
    }
}
template <int m> constexpr int primitive_root = primitive_root_constexpr(m);

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#include <cassert>
#include <numeric>
#include <type_traits>

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

#ifndef _MSC_VER
template <class T>
using is_signed_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value ||
                                  std::is_same<T, __int128>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __uint128_t>::value ||
                                  std::is_same<T, unsigned __int128>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using make_unsigned_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value,
                              __uint128_t,
                              unsigned __int128>;

template <class T>
using is_integral = typename std::conditional<std::is_integral<T>::value ||
                                                  is_signed_int128<T>::value ||
                                                  is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
                                              std::true_type,
                                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_signed_int = typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
                                                 std::is_signed<T>::value) ||
                                                    is_signed_int128<T>::value,
                                                std::true_type,
                                                std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
    typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
                               std::is_unsigned<T>::value) ||
                                  is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<
    is_signed_int128<T>::value,
    make_unsigned_int128<T>,
    typename std::conditional<std::is_signed<T>::value,
                              std::make_unsigned<T>,
                              std::common_type<T>>::type>::type;

#else

template <class T> using is_integral = typename std::is_integral<T>;

template <class T>
using is_signed_int =
    typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value && std::is_signed<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
    typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value &&
                                  std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<is_signed_int<T>::value,
                                              std::make_unsigned<T>,
                                              std::common_type<T>>::type;

#endif

template <class T>
using is_signed_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_signed_int<T>::value>;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_unsigned_int<T>::value>;

template <class T> using to_unsigned_t = typename to_unsigned<T>::type;

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder

#include <cassert>
#include <numeric>
#include <type_traits>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

struct modint_base {};
struct static_modint_base : modint_base {};

template <class T> using is_modint = std::is_base_of<modint_base, T>;
template <class T> using is_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_modint<T>::value>;

}  // namespace internal

template <int m, std::enable_if_t<(1 <= m)>* = nullptr>
struct static_modint : internal::static_modint_base {
    using mint = static_modint;

  public:
    static constexpr int mod() { return m; }
    static mint raw(int v) {
        mint x;
        x._v = v;
        return x;
    }

    static_modint() : _v(0) {}
    template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    static_modint(T v) {
        long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(umod()));
        if (x < 0) x += umod();
        _v = (unsigned int)(x);
    }
    template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    static_modint(T v) {
        _v = (unsigned int)(v % umod());
    }
    static_modint(bool v) { _v = ((unsigned int)(v) % umod()); }

    unsigned int val() const { return _v; }

    mint& operator++() {
        _v++;
        if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator--() {
        if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
        _v--;
        return *this;
    }
    mint operator++(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        ++*this;
        return result;
    }
    mint operator--(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        --*this;
        return result;
    }

    mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v -= rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v += umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
        unsigned long long z = _v;
        z *= rhs._v;
        _v = (unsigned int)(z % umod());
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }

    mint operator+() const { return *this; }
    mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }

    mint pow(long long n) const {
        assert(0 <= n);
        mint x = *this, r = 1;
        while (n) {
            if (n & 1) r *= x;
            x *= x;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return r;
    }
    mint inv() const {
        if (prime) {
            assert(_v);
            return pow(umod() - 2);
        } else {
            auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, m);
            assert(eg.first == 1);
            return eg.second;
        }
    }

    friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) += rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
    }
    friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v == rhs._v;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v != rhs._v;
    }

  private:
    unsigned int _v;
    static constexpr unsigned int umod() { return m; }
    static constexpr bool prime = internal::is_prime<m>;
};

template <int id> struct dynamic_modint : internal::modint_base {
    using mint = dynamic_modint;

  public:
    static int mod() { return (int)(bt.umod()); }
    static void set_mod(int m) {
        assert(1 <= m);
        bt = internal::barrett(m);
    }
    static mint raw(int v) {
        mint x;
        x._v = v;
        return x;
    }

    dynamic_modint() : _v(0) {}
    template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    dynamic_modint(T v) {
        long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(mod()));
        if (x < 0) x += mod();
        _v = (unsigned int)(x);
    }
    template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    dynamic_modint(T v) {
        _v = (unsigned int)(v % mod());
    }
    dynamic_modint(bool v) { _v = ((unsigned int)(v) % mod()); }

    unsigned int val() const { return _v; }

    mint& operator++() {
        _v++;
        if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator--() {
        if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
        _v--;
        return *this;
    }
    mint operator++(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        ++*this;
        return result;
    }
    mint operator--(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        --*this;
        return result;
    }

    mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += mod() - rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v = bt.mul(_v, rhs._v);
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }

    mint operator+() const { return *this; }
    mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }

    mint pow(long long n) const {
        assert(0 <= n);
        mint x = *this, r = 1;
        while (n) {
            if (n & 1) r *= x;
            x *= x;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return r;
    }
    mint inv() const {
        auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, mod());
        assert(eg.first == 1);
        return eg.second;
    }

    friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) += rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
    }
    friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v == rhs._v;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v != rhs._v;
    }

  private:
    unsigned int _v;
    static internal::barrett bt;
    static unsigned int umod() { return bt.umod(); }
};
template <int id> internal::barrett dynamic_modint<id>::bt = 998244353;

using modint998244353 = static_modint<998244353>;
using modint1000000007 = static_modint<1000000007>;
using modint = dynamic_modint<-1>;

namespace internal {

template <class T>
using is_static_modint = std::is_base_of<internal::static_modint_base, T>;

template <class T>
using is_static_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_static_modint<T>::value>;

template <class> struct is_dynamic_modint : public std::false_type {};
template <int id>
struct is_dynamic_modint<dynamic_modint<id>> : public std::true_type {};

template <class T>
using is_dynamic_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_dynamic_modint<T>::value>;

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#include <algorithm>
#include <array>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

// @param n `0 <= n`
// @return minimum non-negative `x` s.t. `n <= 2**x`
int ceil_pow2(int n) {
    int x = 0;
    while ((1U << x) < (unsigned int)(n)) x++;
    return x;
}

// @param n `1 <= n`
// @return minimum non-negative `x` s.t. `(n & (1 << x)) != 0`
int bsf(unsigned int n) {
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    unsigned long index;
    _BitScanForward(&index, n);
    return index;
#else
    return __builtin_ctz(n);
#endif
}

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder

#include <cassert>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly(std::vector<mint>& a) {
    static constexpr int g = internal::primitive_root<mint::mod()>;
    int n = int(a.size());
    int h = internal::ceil_pow2(n);

    static bool first = true;
    static mint sum_e[30];  // sum_e[i] = ies[0] * ... * ies[i - 1] * es[i]
    if (first) {
        first = false;
        mint es[30], ies[30];  // es[i]^(2^(2+i)) == 1
        int cnt2 = bsf(mint::mod() - 1);
        mint e = mint(g).pow((mint::mod() - 1) >> cnt2), ie = e.inv();
        for (int i = cnt2; i >= 2; i--) {
            // e^(2^i) == 1
            es[i - 2] = e;
            ies[i - 2] = ie;
            e *= e;
            ie *= ie;
        }
        mint now = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i <= cnt2 - 2; i++) {
            sum_e[i] = es[i] * now;
            now *= ies[i];
        }
    }
    for (int ph = 1; ph <= h; ph++) {
        int w = 1 << (ph - 1), p = 1 << (h - ph);
        mint now = 1;
        for (int s = 0; s < w; s++) {
            int offset = s << (h - ph + 1);
            for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                auto l = a[i + offset];
                auto r = a[i + offset + p] * now;
                a[i + offset] = l + r;
                a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
            }
            now *= sum_e[bsf(~(unsigned int)(s))];
        }
    }
}

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly_inv(std::vector<mint>& a) {
    static constexpr int g = internal::primitive_root<mint::mod()>;
    int n = int(a.size());
    int h = internal::ceil_pow2(n);

    static bool first = true;
    static mint sum_ie[30];  // sum_ie[i] = es[0] * ... * es[i - 1] * ies[i]
    if (first) {
        first = false;
        mint es[30], ies[30];  // es[i]^(2^(2+i)) == 1
        int cnt2 = bsf(mint::mod() - 1);
        mint e = mint(g).pow((mint::mod() - 1) >> cnt2), ie = e.inv();
        for (int i = cnt2; i >= 2; i--) {
            // e^(2^i) == 1
            es[i - 2] = e;
            ies[i - 2] = ie;
            e *= e;
            ie *= ie;
        }
        mint now = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i <= cnt2 - 2; i++) {
            sum_ie[i] = ies[i] * now;
            now *= es[i];
        }
    }

    for (int ph = h; ph >= 1; ph--) {
        int w = 1 << (ph - 1), p = 1 << (h - ph);
        mint inow = 1;
        for (int s = 0; s < w; s++) {
            int offset = s << (h - ph + 1);
            for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                auto l = a[i + offset];
                auto r = a[i + offset + p];
                a[i + offset] = l + r;
                a[i + offset + p] =
                    (unsigned long long)(mint::mod() + l.val() - r.val()) *
                    inow.val();
            }
            inow *= sum_ie[bsf(~(unsigned int)(s))];
        }
    }
}

}  // namespace internal

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution(std::vector<mint> a, std::vector<mint> b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};
    if (std::min(n, m) <= 60) {
        if (n < m) {
            std::swap(n, m);
            std::swap(a, b);
        }
        std::vector<mint> ans(n + m - 1);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }
    int z = 1 << internal::ceil_pow2(n + m - 1);
    a.resize(z);
    internal::butterfly(a);
    b.resize(z);
    internal::butterfly(b);
    for (int i = 0; i < z; i++) {
        a[i] *= b[i];
    }
    internal::butterfly_inv(a);
    a.resize(n + m - 1);
    mint iz = mint(z).inv();
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) a[i] *= iz;
    return a;
}

template <unsigned int mod = 998244353,
          class T,
          std::enable_if_t<internal::is_integral<T>::value>* = nullptr>
std::vector<T> convolution(const std::vector<T>& a, const std::vector<T>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    using mint = static_modint<mod>;
    std::vector<mint> a2(n), b2(m);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        a2[i] = mint(a[i]);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        b2[i] = mint(b[i]);
    }
    auto c2 = convolution(move(a2), move(b2));
    std::vector<T> c(n + m - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
        c[i] = c2[i].val();
    }
    return c;
}

std::vector<long long> convolution_ll(const std::vector<long long>& a,
                                      const std::vector<long long>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD1 = 754974721;  // 2^24
    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD2 = 167772161;  // 2^25
    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD3 = 469762049;  // 2^26
    static constexpr unsigned long long M2M3 = MOD2 * MOD3;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M3 = MOD1 * MOD3;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2 = MOD1 * MOD2;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2M3 = MOD1 * MOD2 * MOD3;

    static constexpr unsigned long long i1 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD2 * MOD3, MOD1).second;
    static constexpr unsigned long long i2 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD3, MOD2).second;
    static constexpr unsigned long long i3 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD2, MOD3).second;

    auto c1 = convolution<MOD1>(a, b);
    auto c2 = convolution<MOD2>(a, b);
    auto c3 = convolution<MOD3>(a, b);

    std::vector<long long> c(n + m - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
        unsigned long long x = 0;
        x += (c1[i] * i1) % MOD1 * M2M3;
        x += (c2[i] * i2) % MOD2 * M1M3;
        x += (c3[i] * i3) % MOD3 * M1M2;
        // B = 2^63, -B <= x, r(real value) < B
        // (x, x - M, x - 2M, or x - 3M) = r (mod 2B)
        // r = c1[i] (mod MOD1)
        // focus on MOD1
        // r = x, x - M', x - 2M', x - 3M' (M' = M % 2^64) (mod 2B)
        // r = x,
        //     x - M' + (0 or 2B),
        //     x - 2M' + (0, 2B or 4B),
        //     x - 3M' + (0, 2B, 4B or 6B) (without mod!)
        // (r - x) = 0, (0)
        //           - M' + (0 or 2B), (1)
        //           -2M' + (0 or 2B or 4B), (2)
        //           -3M' + (0 or 2B or 4B or 6B) (3) (mod MOD1)
        // we checked that
        //   ((1) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 2
        //   ((2) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 3
        //   ((3) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 4
        long long diff =
            c1[i] - internal::safe_mod((long long)(x), (long long)(MOD1));
        if (diff < 0) diff += MOD1;
        static constexpr unsigned long long offset[5] = {
            0, 0, M1M2M3, 2 * M1M2M3, 3 * M1M2M3};
        x -= offset[diff % 5];
        c[i] = x;
    }

    return c;
}

}  // namespace atcoder

using namespace atcoder;

using mint=modint998244353;
//using mint=modint1000000007;

template<int mod>
struct nCr{
    vector<static_modint<mod>> fac,inv,ifac;
    void calc(int n){
        fac.resize(n+1),inv.resize(n+1),ifac.resize(n+1);
        fac[0]=inv[1]=ifac[0]=1;
        for(int i=1; i<=n; ++i) fac[i]=fac[i-1]*static_modint<mod>::raw(i);
        for(int i=2; i<=n; ++i) inv[i]=inv[mod%i]*static_modint<mod>::raw(mod-mod/i);
        for(int i=1; i<=n; ++i) ifac[i]=ifac[i-1]*inv[i];
    }
    static_modint<mod> C(int n, int m){
        if(m<0||m>n) return 0;
        return fac[n]*ifac[m]*ifac[n-m];
    }
};

nCr<998244353> de;

void ahcorz(){
    // (a_i - j)! / (a_i - i)! (a_i = a_j)
    // (a_i - j - 1)! / (a_i - i)! * (i - j) (a_i != a_j)
    int n; cin >> n;
    de.calc(n+1);
    vi a; a.pb(0);
    rep(n){
        int x; cin >> x;
        a.pb(max(a.back(),x));
    }
    vc<mint> dp(n+1),aux(n+1);
    auto solve=[&](auto &self, int l, int r) -> void{
        if(l+1==r){
            if(l==0) dp[l]=-1;
            else dp[l]+=aux[l]*l;
            dp[l]*=de.ifac[a[l]-l];
            return;
        }
        int mid=l+r>>1;
        self(self,l,mid);
        if(a[mid]==a[mid-1]){
            int x=mid-1,y=mid;
            while(x-1>=l&&a[x-1]==a[mid]) x--;
            while(y+1<r&&a[y+1]==a[mid]) y++;
            mint tot,tot1,tot2;
            rep(i,x,mid) tot+=dp[i]*de.fac[a[mid]-i],tot1+=dp[i]*de.fac[a[mid]-i-1],tot2+=dp[i]*de.fac[a[mid]-i-1]*i;
            rep(i,mid,y+1) dp[i]-=tot-(tot1*i-tot2);
        }
        vc<mint> vec;
        rep(i,a[mid]-mid,a[r-1]-(l+1)+1) vec.pb(de.fac[i]);
        vc<mint> vec1,vec2;
        rep(i,l,mid) vec1.pb(dp[i]),vec2.pb(dp[i]*i);
        auto res1=convolution(vec,vec1),res2=convolution(vec,vec2);
        int base=a[mid]-mid+l+1;
        rep(i,mid,r) if(a[i]-base>=0&&a[i]-base<sz(res1)) aux[i]-=res1[a[i]-base],dp[i]+=res2[a[i]-base];
        self(self,mid,r);
    };
    solve(solve,0,n+1);
    print(dp[n].val());
}

signed main(){
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0),cin.tie(0);
    cout << fixed << setprecision(20);
    int t=1;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--) ahcorz();
}